We have developed an out-of-equilibrium unifying framework for current average and noise generated by periodic or non-periodic time-dependent drive, related in an universal fashion to their values under a constant drive. While extending fully the Tien-Gordon theory, such relations do not require neither initial thermalization nor inversion symmetry. Valid in arbitrary dimensions, they are perturbative with respect to a weak time-dependent Hamiltonian term, but non-perturbative with respect to strong coupling to an electromagnetic environment as well asCoulomb or superconducting correlations. By extending the side-band transmission picture in terms of global many-body eigenstates, those relations offer methods for a free determination of the fractional charge, as implemented recently by C. Glattli’s group. They have also been tested experimentally within quantum circuits (Quantronics’ group, B. Reulet’s group). Beyond a charge current, the theory applies as well to other operators such as spin current in the spin Hall effect, or voltage drop across a phase-slip Josephson junction, as confirmed by F. Hekking et al. \]

Contact : robert.whitney@grenoble.cnrs.fr